Here we propose and demonstrate a giant electrooptic effect based on polarizable dark states. Chapter iv other devices electro optic effect electro. The quadratic electro optical or kerr effect exists for all systems, but is not considered in this letter. The kerr cell, also referred to as a kerr electrooptical shutter, is a device employing the kerr effect to interrupt a beam of light up to 10 1 0 times per second. The kerr effect, also called the quadratic electrooptic effect, is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. Electrooptic materials and applications springerlink.
Scrymgeour, alok sharan, and venkatraman gopalana materials research institute and department of materials science and engineering. The electro optic effect has also been used in silicon pn junctions to induce rapid and precise phase shifts, however, this comes at the expense of optical loss, and has poor spectral selectivity. Cotton mouton effect birefringence effect signal proportional to m. These are materials in which the absorption of light creates an internal electric field which, in turn, initiates an electro optic effect that alters the optical properties of the medium. To observe the electro optic response, inplane electric. Linear electrooptic effect in optically active liquids. The pockels effect or pockels electrooptic effect, changes or produces birefringence in an. Electrooptic modulation is an important functionality in an optical transmitter, which translates electrical signals into the optical domain. A small electro optic effect can be amplified to realize large optical modulation in a narrow spectral range by using highqualityfactor optical. First it is studied the anisotropic media in general where is deduced the electro optic tensor and the appropriate indexes ellipsoid expressions to a crystal such as lithium niobate, for a uniaxial media. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media.
The electro optic properties of photorefractive media are considered in sec. All materials show a kerr effect, but certain liquids display it more strongly than others. The electrooptic effect is the phenomenon that the refractive index of a material can be modified with an electric field. The electrooptic effect is the modification of the refractive index by an externally applied electrostatic field. Characterization of linear electrooptic effect of poled. Onchip dispersion measurement of the quadratic electro. Linearly polarized light light vibrating in one plane, as shown in the figure is passed through a liquid, such as nitrobenzene, contained in a cell with transparent walls. The polarizationcontrolled conductance imposes a large onoff ratio. Request pdf electrooptics the electrooptic effect is the modification of the refractive index of a material crystal or glass, caused by an. The electrooptic, or pockels, effect is the modification of the refractive index of a material by the application of a dc or lowfrequency i. The goal of this thesis is to reevaluate both tengman and attenuated total reflection atr methods for measuring the linear electrooptic eo coefficients of poled organic thin films based on a multilayer structure containing a transparent conducting oxide tco layer. These frequencydomain results show the effect of eo detection of a pulse of thz radiation as the product of three spectral filters acting on the complex amplitude spectrum of the thz pulse that is. Giant electrooptic effect using polarizable dark states. Anomalous electrooptic effect in sr ba nb o single.
The electro optic effect consists in the change of the refractive index induced by an electric. The electric field applied to the crystal can alter or induce birefringence by changing the refractive index of the medium. The linear electro optic effect proposed in this letter is only present in media lacking inversion symmetry, as secondorder nonlinear optical processes in centrosymmetric systems are forbidden under the electricdipole approximation. Chapter iv other devices electro optic effect electro optic effect can be observed when light propagates through a crystal in the presence of an electric field. Roomtemperature electrooptic properties of strained. In the linear electrooptic effect, the size of the perturbation to the refractive index is directly proportional to the strength of the local electrostatic field. Modeling of straininduced pockels effect in silicon. Electrooptical effects provide refractive index modulation directly in the. The necessity for two coefficients is shown from consideration of the crystal symmetry. Midinfrared electrooptic modulation in fewlayer black. It takes the slow ray longer to traverse the crystal than it takes the fast ray. Only the most promising student with a graduate gpa of 3. Electrooptics electrooptics eop to be considered for admission to the ph. Strong electrooptic effect and spontaneous domain formation in self assembled peptide structures.
The behavior of zcut and xcut plates are treated in detail. The kerr effect is distinct from the pockels effect in that the induced index change is directly proportional to the square of the electric field instead of varying linearly with it. Electro optic control of the superprism effect in photonic crystals david scrymgeour, natalia malkova, sungwon kim, and venkatraman gopalana materials research institute and department of materials science and engineering, pennsylvania state university, university park, pennsylvania 16802 received 17 january 2003. The nature of these properties is the manner in which the polarization of light is affected by an electromagnetic. We present a complete frequencydomain description of electro optic eo detection of terahertz thz electromagnetic radiation, including a description of the ellipsometry technique employed. Foundation of geometrical optics, gaussian optics, paraxial raytracing, aperture stops and pupils, firstorder optical design of basic optical instruments, optical materials, chromatic aberrations, thirdorder monochromatic aberrations, introduction to computerbased ray tracing, optical design of elementary optical components. John kerr, scottish physicist 1824 1907 nonlinear in optical effects. Ktn crystals open up new possibilities and applications ntt. This effect is useful for the production of a large number of optical devices, such as phase modulators, dynamic wave retarders, intensity modulators, scanners, and directional couplers. Correlated perovskites as a new platform for superbroadbandtunable photonics zhaoyi li, you zhou, hao qi, qiwei pan, zhen zhang, norman nan shi, ming lu. An electrooptic effect is a change in the optical properties of a material in response to an.
By exploiting the giant electrooptic effect of potassium tantalate niobate. Introduction to nonlinear optics what are nonlinear optical effects and why do they occur. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. In the particular case of the pockels effect, also called linear electro optic effect. The four electro optic effects in the order listed here are respectively the analogues of the first four magneto optic effects. The high transmittance of chiral ferroelectrics is coupled with polarized light for a linear electro optic effect, which exhibits angledependent optical behaviors. Rp photonics encyclopedia pockels effect, electrooptic. Materials whose refractive index can be modified by means of an applied. In kerr cell modulators, the electro optic effect is a function of the square of the e robert goldstein is president of lasermetrics, inc. Correlated perovskites as a new platform for super. The kerr effect is similar to the pockels effect except that the field is applied perpendicular transversely to the incident light, as shown in figure 1b, and a liquid medium is used rather than a crystal.
The pockels effect first described in 1906 by the german physicist friedrich pockels is the linear electro optic effect, where the refractive index of a medium is modified in proportion to the applied electric field strength. The electrooptic effect between an ultrafast optical probe pulse and an. Sumfrequency generation from optically active liquids in the presence of a dc electric field p. Rp photonics encyclopedia electrooptic effect, pockels. This format sets the modulators operating point at the 50% transmission level. A large number of applications in everyday life depend on the electrooptic effect. Two electrooptic coefficients are necessary to describe the effect in the most general plate of the crystal. Comment on temporally resolved electrooptic effect. Electro optics applying a voltage to a crystal changes its refractive indices and. T he electrooptic am plitude m odulator e o a m is a pockels cell type m odulator con sistin g of tw o m atched lithium n iobate crystals packaged in a com pact housin g w ith an r f in put con n ector. Electro optic effect magnetic field eddy current effect perme ability joule effect magneto magneto caloric effect magnet o optic effect stress direct piezo electric effect villary effect elastic modulus thermomechanical effect photo elastic effect heat pyro electric effect thermo magne tization thermal expansion. Chiral molecular ferroelectrics with polarized optical. Strong electrooptic effect and spontaneous domain formation in selfassembled peptide structures. Mechanism of the electrooptic effect and nonlinear.
Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for kerr. Some authors more generally consider electrooptic effects such that any optical properties may be affected by an electric field. A pplyin g an electric field to the crystal in duces a chan ge in the in dices of refraction both ordin ary. Servo control for a cw operating system provides continuous. The optical power of a ld is a function of the injection current, and thus a convenient way to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal is through the direct modulation of the injection current.
Osa the electrooptic effect in uniaxial crystals of the. Cellulose electrooptic effect oregon state university. The faraday and kerr effects abstract though discovered over a century ago, the faraday and kerr effects of polarized light are two of the most instrumental components of optical communication technology today. Electrooptical beam steering in an inp optical waveguide pure. Electrooptic control of the superprism effect in photonic. The basic idea behind electrooptic devices is to alter the optical properties of a. Integration of quantum dots with lithium niobate photonics. Kerr effect or quadratic electrooptic effect, qeo effect. The electrooptic effect or electrooptic effect is the modification of the refractive index of a medium, caused by an electric field. The electrooptic phenomena as described in this book deal entirely with the effect of an electric field on the index of refraction of materials in the solid state. Describing with the algebra of octonions, the electromagnetic theory can derive the magneto optic effects and electro optic effects from the same one force definition in the paper.
Wise2 1department of chemistry and chemical biology, cornell university, ithaca, new york 14853, usa 2department of applied and engineering physics, cornell university, ithaca, new york 14853, usa. Electrooptic effects and devices pockels effect and kerr effect, 2nd rdand 3 order nl effects rev. This effect can occur only in noncentrosymmetric materials. Publishers pdf, also known as version of record includes final.